![]() Severe defects may require surgical repair during the first year of life. Murmurs are whooshing sounds that are a common finding in heart defects. It can be due to genetic factors or exposure to infections, certain medications, toxins, etc. Mild to severe congenital heart defects are seen in newborns.Ībnormal or incomplete development of the heart during fetal development is the cause of congenital heart defects. Nine in every 1,000 babies born in the United States have a congenital heart anomaly (13). Congenital heart defectsĬongenital heart defects (CHD) include various structural abnormalities of the heart or great vessels present at birth. Heart and cardiovascular diseases can occur when the heart and circulatory system are not performing as they should (11) (12). Problems Of The Circulatory System In ChildrenĬhildren may have a cardiovascular disease from an early age. Murmurs are sounds created by the turbulence of blood flow in the heart, which can be in any phase depending on the cause (10). ![]() ![]() This is usually heard in the late diastolic phase when the compliance of the ventricle is less. The fourth heart sound (S4) is an abnormal sound due to atrial contraction. The S2 is often heard as a split sound due to the pressure variance in the right and left ventricles and often splits based on the inspiration or expiration (10).Ĭhildren may have a normal third heart sound (S3), which is the ventricular filling sound in the early diastole when there is a transition from rapid to slow filling (10). This is the closing sound of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves). The second heart sound (S2) is heard at the beginning of the diastole. The first heart sound (S1) is heard when the atrioventricular valves close during the systole. Heart sound can be heard using a stethoscope. During this phase, the atrioventricular valves remain open to fill the blood.Īny functional or structural problems of the valves or nodes can result in cardiac problems, leading to the deficiency of enough oxygen in the body. Diastole is the second phase when the ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria.The aortic and pulmonary valves are open during this phase, and blood from the heart moves to the major blood vessels. During the systolic phase, the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral valves) on each side of the heart close to prevent the backflow of the blood to the atria. Systole is the first phase when the ventricles contract and pump blood into the aorta on the left and pulmonary artery on the right side of the heart.Performance of the heart during a complete heartbeat is called the cardiac cycle, and it has two phases, namely (9): So if the heart gets the required oxygen, it can continue beating. This is because it has its own electric supply. The heart can continue to beat even after being separated from the body. The AV node is a relay station that only conducts impulses from the sinus node it does not generate electrical impulses in normal conditions. The electrical impulses from the sinus node contract the atria and move down to the atrioventricular (AV) node and then to the ventricles. It is known as the pacemaker of the heart since it controls the rate of the heartbeat and maintains the rhythmic contraction of the heart (8). These electrical signals originate from a small area in the right atrium called a sinoatrial or sinus node. The heartbeat is generated by electrical impulses stimulating the heart muscles. This means that the heart pumps slower when you are at rest or sleeping and faster during exercise so that enough oxygen reaches the tissues. The autonomic nervous system controls the heart rate, depending on the requirement of the body. Heart valves also help maintain unidirectional blood flow in the circulatory system. Valves open and close during a cardiac cycle, depending on the pressure difference between chambers or vessels. The pulmonary valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.The aortic valve between the left ventricle and the aorta.
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